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Sound recording
Mechanical recording
The first devices for recording sound were mechanical in nature.
In 1796 a Swiss watchmaker named Smooth Nikola described his idea for what we now call the cylinder musical box. This can be considered an early method of recording a melody, although it does not record an arbitrary sound and does not record automatically. "Playback" however is automatic.
The Player piano was a device that could playback a piano performance which had earlier been mechanically recorded onto a piano roll.
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The first recording of sound waves
In 1857, Leon Scott invented the 'phonoautograph', the first device to record arbitrary sound. It used a membrane (which vibrated in response to sound) attached to a pen, which traced a line roughly corresponding to the sound's waveform onto a roll of paper. Although able to record sound, the phonoautograph was unable to play back the recording; it was of little use other than as a laboratory curiosity. (In one laboratory experiment, a phonoautograph recording was photoengraved onto a metal plate, creating a groove, which was then played back).
The phonograph and the gramophone
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The phonograph built expanding on the principles of the phonoautograph. Invented by Thomas Edison in 1877, the phonograph was a device with a cylinder covered with a soft material such as tin foil, lead, or wax on which a stylus drew grooves. The depth of the grooves made by the stylus corresponded to change in air pressure created by the original sound. The recording could be played back by tracing a needle through the groove and amplifying, through mechanical means, the resulting vibrations. A disadvantage of the early phonographs was the difficulty of reproducing the phonograph cylinders in mass production.
form and materials of expressionist architecture freedmen slaves latins foreigners and women in roman society future of the car gemological characteristics geography This changed with the advent of the gramophone (phonograph in American English), which was patented by Emile Berliner in 1887. The gramophone imprinted grooves on the flat side of a disc rather than the outside of a cylinder. Instead of recording by varying the depth of the groove (vertically), as with the phonograph, the vibration of the recording stylus was across the width of the track ( horizontally). The depth of the groove remained constant. Berliner called this audio disc a "gramophone record", although it was often called a "phonograph record" in U.S. English.Early disc recordings and phonograph cylinders had about the same audio fidelity (despite the cylinder's theoretical advantages of constant linear groove speed and greater dynamic range of the hill-and-dale groove geometry). However, disc records were easier and cheaper to mass produce. From the beginning, the flat disks were easily mass-produced by a molding process, pressing a master image on a plate of shellac.
heartwood and sapwood history of mathematics history of the internet ice cream maker impact of the bauhaus Originally, cylinders could only be copied by means of a pantograph mechanism, which was limited to making about twenty-five copies—all of significantly lower quality than the original—while simultaneously destroying the original. During a recording session, ten or more machines could be ranged around the talent to record multiple originals. Still, a single performance could produce only a few hundred salable copies, so performers were booked for marathon sessions in which they had to repeat their performances over and over again. By 1902, successful molding processes for cylinder recordings were developed.The speed at which the disks were rotated was eventually standardized at 78 rpm. Later innovations allowed lower rotations: 45 and 33⅓ rpm, and the material was changed to vinyl.
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Both phonograph cylinders and gramophone discs were played on mechanical devices most commonly hand wound with a clockwork motor. The sound was amplified by a cone that was attached to the diaphragm. The disc record fell into public favor quickly, and cylinders were not produced after 1929. The advent of electrical recording in 1925 drastically improved the quality of the recording process of disc records. Oddly, there was a period of nearly five years, from 1925 to 1930, when the premiere technology for home sound reproduction consisted of a combination of electrically recorded records with the specially-developed Victor Orthophonic phonograph, a spring-wound acoustic phonograph which used waveguide engineering and a folded horn to provide a reasonably flat frequency response. Electrically-powered phonographs were introduced c. 1930, but crystal pickups and electronic reproduction did not become common until the late 1930s
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